Key Summary of Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9):

Structure:

• Located in endosomes of immune cells
• Contains leucine-rich repeat motifs
• Recognizes unmethylated CpG motifs

Immune Functions:

• Links innate and adaptive immunity
• Activates transcription factors
• Produces inflammatory substances
• Stimulates B cell and dendritic cell responses

Signaling Pathway:

• Uses MyD88 adaptor protein
• Triggers NF-kB and MAPK pathways
• Induces type I interferon production

Therapeutic Potential:

• Cancer immunotherapy research
• Vaccine enhancement
• Potential treatment for autoimmune disorders
• Clinical trials exploring CpG ODNs

Clinical Applications:

• Cancer treatments
• Vaccine development
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza
• COVID-19
• Systemic lupus erythematosus management

TLR9 plays a critical role in immune system recognition and response.