Molecular Structure and Expression Structure:

• Part of IL-1 family
• Nuclear factor in high endothelial venules (NF-HEV)
• Located on chromosome 9, position 24
• 30kDa protein with 270 amino acids

Key Components:

• Nuclear localization region
• Chromatin-binding area
• IL-1-like terminus
• Receptor-binding cytokine domain

Expression:

• Present in various tissue cells:
• Skin cells
• Gut cells
• Fibroblasts
• Endothelial cells

Signalling Pathway and Receptor Interactions Signalling Process:

• Binds to ST2 receptor (IL-1RL1)
• Partners with IL-1RAcp
• Triggers cascade involving:
• Myd88 recruitment
• IRAK1/4 kinase activation
• TRAF6 signalling
• NF-kappa B nuclear translocation
• MAP kinases activation

Physiological Functions and Immune Regulation Main Functions:

• Acts as alarm signal (DAMP) when released
• Initiates type 2 immune responses
• Promotes tissue healing/renewal
• Maintains epithelial barrier integrity
• Regulates tissue homeostasis
• Controls adaptive immune response

Additional Roles:

• Coordinates parasitic infection responses
• Supports mucosal immunity
• Regulates tissue Treg cells
• Maintains metabolic balance

Pathological Implications and Therapeutic Potential Associated Disorders:

• Allergic Disorders:
• Asthma
• Atopic dermatitis
• Allergic rhinitis
• Inflammatory Diseases:
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Psoriasis
• Other Conditions:
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Cancer progression
• Fibrotic disorders

Therapeutic Approaches:

• Targeting IL-33/ST2 axis
• Treatment methods:
• Neutralizing antibodies
• Soluble ST2 receptor variants
• Small molecule inhibitors
• Promising results in:
• Asthma treatment
• Atopic dermatitis treatment
• Requires further research for:
• Understanding therapeutic potential
• Identifying possible side effects